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EXTERNAL

An external power supply, often called an AC adapter or wall wart, converts AC (alternating current) from a wall outlet into DC (direct current) to power devices like laptops and smartphones. These adapters vary in shape and size, typically consisting of a compact plastic box connected to the device via a power cable.

The conversion process involves four main stages: rectification, smoothing, regulation, and filtering. First, the rectification stage uses a diode bridge to convert AC to pulsating DC. This is followed by smoothing with a capacitor to reduce voltage ripple. Next, regulation ensures a consistent output voltage despite fluctuations in the input. Finally, filtering removes any remaining noise, delivering clean DC power to the device. 

External power supplies offer numerous advantages over built-in options. They are portable, lightweight, and easy to transport, making them ideal for on-the-go use. Their efficiency helps minimise energy waste, while compliance with safety standards reduces the risk of electrical hazards. Additionally, they often support multiple devices, provided they share the same voltage and connector type.

External power supplies are essential for powering a wide range of electronic devices, offering portability, efficiency, and safety. Their adaptable design makes them a practical choice for users seeking reliable power solutions for their gadgets.
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